1. The Definition of Logistics
物流的界說
After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.
在完結商業買賣之后,物流將以最低本錢和最高效益的方法執即將商品從供貨商(賣方)流轉到顧客(買方)的進程。這便是物流的界說。在物流進程中,既需求比如物流設備和設備(物流運送工具等)的硬件,也需求對物流施行信息化辦理進行物流規范化。此外,政府和物流安排的支撐也不可或缺。
Three major functions of logistics
物流的三大首要功用
(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.
(1)發明時刻價值:同種產品因所在時刻的不同而有著不同的價值。在產品流通進程中,往往會處于某種阻滯的狀況,物流的專業術語就稱之為貯存。貯存發明了產品的時刻價值。
(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.
(2)發明場所價值: 同種產品因所在方位的不同而有著不同的價值。這種因產品流通進程中而發生的附加增值稱之為物流的場所價值。
(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods.
(3) 同配送加工價值:有時,物流活動也能發明配送加工價值,這種物流加工首要改動產品的長度、厚度和包裝形狀。物流中常常說到的“分割成更小的部分”便是配送加工中最為常見的方法。大大都物流加工都能發明產品的附加價值。

2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:
物流作為新式的商務范疇,閱歷了從傳統物流向現代物流開展的兩個階段。這兩個階段的不同首要體現在以下兩個方面:
(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.
(1)現代物流選用了集裝技能。產品物流往往從包裝開端,然后閱歷運送、貯存和配送等進程。整個進程一直在物流規范化的前提下運轉。以物流根底模數尺度600×400MM為根底,擬定出物流模數尺度1200×1000MM,并將其擴展至2591×2438MM,即構成集裝箱的高度與寬度規范尺度。并能調整成適宜鐵運、汽運和船運的集裝箱規范標準尺度。
(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.
(2)信息技能在現代物流中特別重要。條形碼、出售時點體系、電子數據傳輸體系、全球衛星定位體系的運用,極大地進步了物流活動的功率和準確程度。而互聯網愈加有助于物流辦理的商場開發、運營和辦理。

3.International Logistics
世界物流
An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.
許多企業正經過出口、答應、合營或跨國運營進入世界商場。這種趨勢仍將繼續。跟著這種趨勢的開展，開發世界物流網絡成為有必要。整合物流辦理和本錢剖析將愈加雜亂和困難。
There are some future trends in internationalization:
世界化將呈現出以下未來趨勢：
(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities
(1)物流將更多地承當起世界責任
(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.
(2)對外貿易區的數量和規劃的擴展
(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation
(3)世界有紙作業和單據制造的數量的削減
(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm
(4)更多的涉外倉儲事務由出口企業運營和操控
(5) Increasing number of smaller firm
(5)小企業的數量增加
(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.
(6)物流服務企業的涉外運營，如公營倉儲事務和世界運送商
(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels
(7)增加多配送途徑
The international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.
從某些方面講，世界運送等同于世界物流。因此，當進入世界貿易范疇時，企業有必要樹立世界物流體系以供給需求的產品或服務。世界物流的更重要的開展在于大力選用先進的信息體系和施行獨立的部分運作。

4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functions–marketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.
包裝。包裝履行兩個根本的功用—營銷和物流。就商場營銷而言，包裝承當促銷和廣告的功用。其尺度、分量、色彩和印制的信息會對顧客發生吸引力并將產品信息傳達給顧客。當企業進入世界商場營銷時，包裝就顯得更為重要。出口到國外的產品需求運送更長的間隔，閱歷更多的裝卸轉移。而物流包裝在物流進程中起到了維護產品的效果。
Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations.
廢棄物處理。物流進程中的活動也應當包含高效快速地對廢棄物進行裝卸、運送和倉儲。如若廢棄物能夠從頭運用或收回，物流企業應當合理安排并將其運送到再出產或再加工地址。
Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.
退貨處理。退貨處理一般叫做反向配送。買方或許因各種原因將產品退回賣方。大都物流體系未能對此類事情作出滿足妥善的處理。在許多職業，顧客因修理確保、替換或收回而退回產品，因此反向配送的本錢或許會很高。由于顧客對退貨方針的要求愈加靈敏、愈加實惠，反向配送將愈加重要。

5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL)
第三方物流
Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.
第三方物流供給了一切的物流活動。他們在榜首方（供貨商或出產商）和第二方（買方或顧客）之間扮演著橋梁或設備供貨商的人物。第三方物流供給商的根本方針是下降供貨商的全體物流本錢，進步顧客服務水平。
Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:
第三方物流增加十分敏捷。本錢下降和對更好更廉價的服務的需求是增加背面的動力。第三方物流供給商能夠將來自幾家企業的事務進行整合，并能供給頻頻的提貨和交貨，而企業內部運送無法做到。（第三方物流開展的）其它原因如下：
* The company does not specialize in logistics;
* 企業并不專善于物流
* The company does not have sufficient resources;
* 企業本身沒有滿足的物流資源
* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities in–house;
* 對施行更好的物流運作的期盼，或沒有時刻開發內部物流所需求的才能
* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;
* 企業正出資一項新范疇，該范疇有著不同的物流需求
* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.
* 外包物流運營或許比整合物流運營愈加有吸引力

6.Global Logistics
全球物流
Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.
發達國家常在兩個方面施行全球化:在第三世界國家追求更大的本錢優勢,以及在其他國家尋覓新的合作伙伴出產零配件、半成品甚至制成品。這第二個方面迫使發達國家不得不進入一個叫做“全球物流”的新范疇。
Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.
全球運營的利益包含(取得)廉價的原材料和終端產品,下降的勞作本錢,更好的質量,進步世界競賽力以及更好的客戶服務。其缺陷首要是交貨的不牢靠性,困難的交流以及從產品的規劃到產品的出產完結需求更長的時刻。面臨的應戰常常來自于文明和言語的差異,法令要求,物流支撐,尋求適宜的全球供貨商或出產商,外匯匯率等。
There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.
全球物流涉及到三種流通:物料流通,單據流通和資金流通。

7.Logistics into the Future
物流走向未來
Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth:
物流正以高速改動著。其高速增加原因有二:
Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself
榜首,因本身體系的開展而被逼革新
(1) High–speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand
(1)高速計算機體系和數據交換體系能繼續地對用戶需求施行流通和操作
(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing
(2)經過計算機和數據加工能完成愈加靈敏的準確的物流方案和辦理
(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy
(3)柔性計算機設備有助于問題的處理和進步決議方案的準確度
(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting
(4)對全體本錢衡量和財務辦理的清醒認識
Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy.
第二,來自規劃經濟革新的壓力。
(1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition
(1)為了追求更大競賽力,關于不同規劃商場的處理需求有靈敏性
(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.
(2)商場標準和零售增加的大幅度進步
(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible
(3) 產品的出產周期縮短。物流體系就要更高效、更快、更靈敏
(4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another
(4) 從規劃出產轉向柔性出產體系(FMS) 。這些體系能使企業從一種產品的出產敏捷轉向另一種產品的出產
(5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.
(5)競賽的壓力導致企業愈加努力地進步客戶服務水平。

8.The process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:
物流整合的進程可分為四個階段:
Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).
榜首階段:開端于0世紀60年代的美國,涉及到一切相關的配送活動的整合。別離的經銷部分得和諧與貨品配送辦理(PDM)相關的一切進程的辦理。
Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.
第二階段:PDM應用于物流、部件和半成品的往復流通活動,一般稱之為“物料辦理”。至20世紀70年代晚期,許多企業業已樹立了“物流部分”以全權負責與出產運作相關的上游和下流產品的轉移、倉儲和裝卸等。
Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process re–engineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefined. “ System integration” occurred. Cross–functional integration should achieve greater results.
第三階段:因其成為面臨很多功用的接口,物流承當起重要的和諧效果。跟著20世紀90年代前期事務流程再造(BPR)的呈現,物流及其相關功用的聯系被從頭界說。“體系整合”開端呈現。功用穿插整合應該大幅度完成。
Stage 4. Establish Supply Chain Management( SCM) to achieve supply chain optimization and minimize inventory.
第四階段:樹立供應鏈辦理體系(SCM)以完成合理的供應鏈辦理并完成庫存的最小化。

9.Transportation System
運送體系
There are five transportation modes—motor, rail, air, water, or pipeline. In addition, certain modal combinations are available, including rail–motor, motor–water, motor–air, and rail–water. Such inter–modal combinations offer specialized or lower cost services not generally available than a single transport mode. Other transporters include freight forwarders, shipper cooperatives, parcel post, United Parcel Service( UPS), and other parcel service.
有五種運送形式—汽運、鐵運、水運、空運和管道運送。此外,多式聯運也是常用的,它包含鐵運—汽運聯運,汽運—水運聯運,汽運—空運聯運和鐵運—水運聯運等。與獨自運送方法比較,世界多式聯運可供給愈加專業化和低本錢的服務。其他運送商還有貨運代理人,郵寄人合作社,郵包運送,聯合郵包快遞(UPS),以及其他包裹運送服務。
Factors Influencing Transportation Costs
與運送本錢相關的要素
As transportation cost can be significant, the firm must identify and control the factors that affect these costs. In general, factors influencing transportation costs can be grouped into two major categories–product related factors and market–related factors.
因運送本錢的重要性,企業應當辨認和操控與本錢相關的要素。一般來說,與運送有關的本錢能夠分紅兩大類—與產品相關的要素和與商場相關的要素。
Factors to influence the cost of transportation can be grouped into the categories: (1) transport distances; (2) transport linkages; (3) transport equipment, and (4) transport time.
涉及到運送本錢的要素能夠分紅以下幾類:1)運送間隔；2)運送線路；3)運送設備；和4)運送時刻。
Important market–related factors also affect transportation costs. The most significant ones include: (1) competition from different carriers; (2) location of markets; (3) government regulation of transportation carriers; (4) freight traffic in a region; (5) seasonality of product movements; and (6) whether the product is being transported domestically or internationally. Each of these factors will affect the overall transportation costs.
重要的商場相關要素也影響到運送本錢。最有影響的一些要素包含:1)來自不同承運人的競賽；2)商場位置；3)政府擬定的承運規矩；4)區域交通；5)產品活動的季節性；和6)產品是進行國內仍是世界運送。這其間每個要素都影響著整個運送本錢。

10. The Economic and Service Characteristics of Motor Transportation
轎車運送的經濟性和服務特性
Motor carries transport over 75 percent of the tonnage of agricultural products, many manufactured products and consumer goods. Usually, motor carries compete with air for small shipments and rail for large shipments. An efficient motor carrier can compete with an air carrier on door-to-door service for many size shipment if the distance involved is 1,000 miles or less. This is because motor carriers realize greater efficiencies in terminal, pickup and delivery operations.
如以噸位記,在農產品、大都工業制造品和消費品的運送中,轎車運送的運量超過了75%。一般,轎車運送與小批量的空運和大批量的鐵運比較,都有其競賽力。假如運距不小于1000英里,關于任何批量的貨品的門到門運送,轎車運送都能比空運具有更大的競賽力。這是由于汽運承運人意識到在終端運送、提交貨操作中,汽運具有極高的功率。
Motor carriers are more flexible than other modes. Motor carriers can use a wide range network of roads, and can transport products of varying sizes and weights over and distance. Truly, motor carriers can transport and product. Their flexibility has enabled them to become the dominant form of transport in the United States and in many other parts of the world.
與其他運送方法比較,汽運愈加靈敏。汽運可運用寬廣的公路網絡,可運送不同標準和分量的產品,不受運送間隔的限制。事實上,汽運可承當各種產品的運送。這種靈敏性使得汽運成為美國甚至世界上大都區域首要的運送方法。
In general, motor carriage offers the customer fast, reliable service with little damage or loss in transit. Motor carriers give much faster service than railroads and compare favorably with air carriers on short hauls. Many motor carriers, particularly those involved in “just-in-time” programs, operate on a scheduled timetable. This results in very short and reliable transit times. Loss and damage ratios for motor carriers and substantially lower than for rail and are slightly higher than for air freight. No other mode can provide the market coverage offered by motor carriers.
一般地說,汽運能向客戶供給敏捷而牢靠的服務,而在轉運中幾乎沒有丟失、損壞。汽運比鐵運的速度更快,而就近距離郵寄而言,汽運比空運有優勢。大都汽運承運人,特別是履行“JIT”(及時作業)方案的承運人,往往依照承運時刻表運營。這就使得轉運的時刻更短、更牢靠。汽運的丟失和損壞的份額遠比鐵運低而比空運要高得多。沒有其他任何運送方法能像汽運那樣供給商場覆蓋面。
The amount of freight transported by motor carriers has steadily increased over the years. That trend is likely to continue in the years ahead. As long as it is able to provide fast, efficient service at rates between those offered by rail and air, the motor carriage industry will continue to prosper.
近年來,汽運承當的運送量繼續穩步地上升。這種趨勢在未來仍將或許繼續下去。只需汽運比鐵運和空運能供給更快、更高效的服務,汽運轉業就將繼續昌盛。

***.rail transport generally costs less than air and motor carriage. For many shipments, rail does not compare favorably with other modes on loss and damage ratios. It has disadvantages compared to motor carriers in terms of transit time and frequency of service. Trains travel on timetable schedules, but departures are less frequent than those of a motor carrier. If a shipper has strict arrival and departure requirements, railroads are at a competitive disadvantage compared to motor carriers. Some of this disadvantage may be overcome through combined transport, which offers the economy of rail movement linked with the flexibility of trucking. Truck trailers are delivered to the rail terminals, where they are loaded on flatbed railcars. At the destination ter

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